EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTING STYLES AND DEPRESSION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v6si2.1021Keywords:
relationship, parenting style, depression, university student, JohorAbstract
Parents play a crucial role in their children's lives, particularly in fostering mental health through effective parenting styles. Previous research has demonstrated a significant connection between parenting approaches and depression in children, primarily focusing on adolescents. This study aims to extend this investigation to young adults, examining the influence of parenting styles on depression among this age group. Utilizing a quantitative research method, the study employed the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales 21 (DASS-21) to assess parenting styles and levels of depression, respectively. Data was gathered from 209 students at a university in the Southern Region of Johor, and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results revealed a significant inverse relationship between authoritative parenting and depression, suggesting that this style of parenting decreases the likelihood of depression in children. Conversely, a significant direct relationship was found between authoritarian parenting and increased levels of depression. These findings highlight the protective effect of authoritative parenting and the risks associated with authoritarian styles. The study underscores the importance of adopting effective parenting practices to enhance the mental health outcomes of young adults.
References
[1] Abramson, L.Y., Metalsky, G.I., Alloy, L.B. (1989): Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. – Psychological Review 96(2): 358-372.
[2] Azahari, N.A.N., Amir, R. (2022): Parenting style and its relationship with depression among adolescents. – Parenting 5(3): 23-28.
[3] Barton, A.L., Hirsch, J.K. (2016): Permissive parenting and mental health in college students: Mediating effects of academic entitlement. – Journal of American College Health 64(1): 1-8.
[4] Ceyhan, A.A., Ceyhan, E., Kurtyılmaz, Y. (2009): Investigation of University Students' Depression. – Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER) 9(36): 75-90.
[5] Chen, L., Wang, L., Qiu, X.H., Yang, X.X., Qiao, Z.X., Yang, Y.J., Liang, Y. (2013): Depression among Chinese university students: prevalence and socio-demographic correlates. – PloS One 8(3): 6p.
[6] Cheng, J., Liu, D., Zheng, H., Jin, Z., Wang, D.B., Liu, Y., Wu, Y. (2023): Perceived parenting styles and incidence of major depressive disorder: results from a 6985 freshmen cohort study. – BMC Psychiatry 23(1): 10p.
[7] Chikkapapanna, S., Moncy, A.M. (2024): Parenting Style and Its Correlates: Perceived among School Going Adolescents. – International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research 6(2): 7p.
[8] Fang, S., Fosco, G.M., Feinberg, M.E. (2024): Parental warmth and young adult depression: A comparison of enduring effects and revisionist models. – Development and Psychopathology 36(4): 1849-1862.
[9] Fatima, A.N.U.M., Ahmed, M.M., Slatch, J.M., Slatch, I.M. (2022): Effect of parenting style on adolescent depression. – Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences 16(1): 324-326.
[10] Ghosh, O. (2021): Effect of Authoritarian Parenting Style on Psychopathology. – International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention 10(9): 37-45.
[11] Goodchild, T., Heath, G., Richardson, A. (2023): Delivering resilience: Embedding a resilience building module into first-year curriculum. – Student Success 14(2): 30-40.
[12] Grant, J.E., Potenza, M.N. (Eds.) (2010): Young adult mental health. – Oxford University Press 460p.
[13] Haikal, A.A., Fatimah, Y., Irwan, A. (2014): Gaya keibubapaan dan hubungannya dengan kemurungan dalam kalangan remaja. – In Conference: Seminar Psikologi Malaysia, At Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) 11p.
[14] Han, C.S., Brussoni, M.J., Mâsse, L.C. (2022): Parental autonomy support in the context of parent–child negotiation for children’s independent mobility:‘I always feel safer with my parents’ to ‘Boom! Bust down those walls!’. – The Journal of Early Adolescence 42(6): 737-764.
[15] Hayek, J., Tueni, M., Schneider, F., De Vries, H. (2021): Parenting style as longitudinal predictor of adolescents’ health behaviors in Lebanon. – Health Education Research 36(1): 100-115.
[16] He, Y. (2023): The influence of parenting style on the ability of children to empathize with their peers. – In SHS Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences 174: 5p.
[17] Howard, A.L., Alexander, S.M., Dunn, L.C. (2022): Helicopter parenting is unrelated to student success and well-being: A latent profile analysis of perceived parenting and academic motivation during the transition to university. – Emerging Adulthood 10(1): 197-211.
[18] Hong, O.S., Long, C.S., Rahman, R.H.A. (2015): An analysis on the relationship between parenting styles and self esteem of students of a university in Malaysia: a case study. – Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 6(4): 300-310.
[19] Jais, S.M., Mohammad, N.H., Mohammad, A., Bistamam, M.N. (2015): Teaching and learning of organic chemistry based on Blooms taxonomy. Jurnal Pendidikan Bitara UPSI 8(2): 19-37.
[20] Jannah, K., Hastuti, D., Riany, Y.E. (2022): Parenting style and depression among students: The mediating role of self-esteem. – Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi 7(1): 39-50.
[21] Jiayao, C. (2022): Evaluation of Causes and Impacts of Emotional Pressure Among Teenagers. – In 2021 International Conference on Social Development and Media Communication (SDMC 2021), Atlantis Press 6p.
[22] Kaur, J., Cheong, S.M., Mahadir Naidu, B., Kaur, G., Manickam, M.A., Mat Noor, M., Ibrahim, N., Rosman, A. (2014): Prevalence and correlates of depression among adolescents in Malaysia. – Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 26(5_suppl): 53S-62S.
[23] Kaur, M. (2021): The effect of parenting styles on depression among college students. – St. John's University (New York) 38p.
[24] Klein, M.B., Pierce Jr, J.D. (2009): Parental care aids, but parental overprotection hinders, college adjustment. – Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice 11(2): 167-181.
[25] Kugbey, N., Acharibasam, J.W. (2016): The role of parenting styles and sex differences in adolescents’ depression. – British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioral Science 17(2): 1-8.
[26] Lari, N. (2023): Perceived parenting styles and child personality: A Qatari perspective. – Cogent Social Sciences 9(1): 20p.
[27] Lavrič, M., Naterer, A. (2020): The power of authoritative parenting: A cross-national study of effects of exposure to different parenting styles on life satisfaction. – Children and Youth Services Review 116: 9p.
[28] LeMoyne, T., Buchanan, T. (2011): Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. – Sociological Spectrum 31(4): 399-418.
[29] Liu, M., Wang, X. (2023): Mediating effects of copying style on the relationship between parenting style and adversity quotient of nursing students. – SAGE Open Nursing 9: 9p.
[30] Love, H., Cui, M., Hong, P., McWey, L.M. (2022): Parent and child perceptions of indulgent parenting and female emerging adults’ depressive symptoms. – Journal of Family Studies 28(3): 1126-1138.
[31] Mak, H.W., Fosco, G.M., Lanza, S.T. (2021): Dynamic associations of parent–adolescent closeness and friend support with adolescent depressive symptoms across ages 12–19. – Journal of Research on Adolescence 31(2): 299-316.
[32] Nadkarni, M.R., Vyas, M.K. (2023): Relationship between Perceived Parenting Styles and Resilience: Self-Esteem as a Mediator. – International Journal of Indian Psychȯlogy 11(4): 787-796.
[33] Nikoogoftar, M., Seghatoleslam, S. (2015): The role of parenting styles in predicting adolescent behavioral and emotional problems. – Practice in Clinical Psychology 3(1): 23-30.
[34] Nock, M.K., Borges, G., Bromet, E.J., Cha, C.B., Kessler, R.C., Lee, S. (2008): Suicide and suicidal behavior. – Epidemiologic Reviews 30(1): 133-154.
[35] Omar, N.H., Manaf, A.A., Ayob, A.S. (2012): Pengujian model gaya keibubapaan Baumrind ke atas pencapaian akademik pelajar sekolah menengah. – e-BANGI 7(1): 105-120.
[36] Pettibone, G. (2021): Temperament and Parenting Style as Contributing Factors in the Development of Childhood Anxiety. – The Chicago School of Professional Psychology 141p.
[37] Pusch, S., Mund, M., Hagemeyer, B., Finn, C. (2019): Personality development in emerging and young adulthood: A study of age differences. – European Journal of Personality 33(3): 245-263.
[38] Quach, A.S., Epstein, N.B., Riley, P.J., Falconier, M.K., Fang, X. (2015): Effects of parental warmth and academic pressure on anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese adolescents. – Journal of Child and Family Studies 24(1): 106-116.
[39] Rakhshani, T., Hamid, S., Kamyab, A., Kashfi, S.M., Jeihooni, A.K. (2022): The effect of parenting style on anxiety and depression in adolescent girls aged 12–16 years. – Heliyon 8(11): 7p.
[40] Ramli, M., Rosnani, S., Aidil Faszrul, A.R. (2012): Psychometric profile of Malaysian version of the Depressive, Anxiety and Stress Scale 42-item (DASS-42). – Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry 21(1): 3-9.
[41] Retnowati, D.A., Sukmawaty, N.I.P. (2024): The effect of authoritative parenting style on individual development: a literature review. – World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21(1): 205-209.
[42] Saracho, O.N. (2023): Theories of child development and their impact on early childhood education and care – Early Childhood Education Journal 51(1): 15-30.
[43] Semplonius, T., Willoughby, T. (2018): Psychosocial adjustment throughout university: A longitudinal investigation of the roles of sleep quality and emotion dysregulation. – Journal of Youth and Adolescence 47(6): 1267-1278.
[44] Shamsuddin, K., Fadzil, F., Ismail, W.S.W., Shah, S.A., Omar, K., Muhammad, N.A., Jaffar, A., Ismail, A., Mahadevan, R. (2013): Correlates of depression, anxiety and stress among Malaysian university students. – Asian Journal of Psychiatry 6(4): 318-323.
[45] Shorey, S., Ng, E.D. (2021): The efficacy of mindful parenting interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. – International Journal of Nursing Studies 121: 15p.
[46] Singh, S. (2017): Parenting style in relation to children's mental health and self-esteem: A review of literature. – Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing 8(12): 1522-1527.
[47] Slater, A., Bremner, J.G. (Eds.) (2017): An introduction to developmental psychology. – John Wiley & Sons 848p.
[48] Tan, R., Abidin, N.Z., Suwirta, A. (2016): Faktor yang mempengaruhi penghayatan akhlak Islam dalam kalangan belia di sebuah institusi pengajian tinggi awam Malaysia. – INSANCITA 1(1): 55-66.
[49] Wang, L., Tian, J., Rozelle, S. (2024): Parenting style and child mental health at preschool age: evidence from rural China. – BMC Psychiatry 24(1): 13p.
[50] Yahaya, A., Nam, G.L. (2010): Peranan ibu bapa. – Universiti Teknology Malaysia 4p.
[51] Yan, T.H., Badayai, A.R.A. (2021): Relationship between Parenting Style, Interpersonal Conflict and Depression Symptom among University Students. – International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 11(6): 1034-1053.
[52] Yu, Y., Yan, W., Yu, J., Xu, Y., Wang, D., Wang, Y. (2022): Prevalence and associated factors of complains on depression, anxiety, and stress in university students: an extensive population-based survey in China. – Frontiers in Psychology 13: 11p.
[53] Zhang, H. (2022): The Factors, Effects, and Treatments of Parenting Styles on Young Adolescents’ Academic Achievements. – In 2022 3rd International Conference on Mental Health, Education and Human Development (MHEHD 2022), Atlantis Press 5p.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 FADILLAH ISMAIL, CHAN SHIAU WEI, NUR AMALINA MOHD ROSLI
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
