DARWINISME SOSIAL & WHITE MAN’S BURDEN: IDEOLOGI DAN MODERNITI PENJAJAHAN DI BORNEO UTARA
SOCIAL DARWINISM & THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN: IDEOLOGY AND COLONIAL MODERNITY IN NORTH BORNEO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7i1.1088Keywords:
British North Borneo Company, moderniti kolonial, imperialisme British, pentadbiran kolonial, transformasi sosioekonomiAbstract
Imperialisme moden kuasa Barat merupakan suatu bentuk penguasaan yang berteraskan ideologi bagi memenuhi kepentingan politik, ekonomi, dan ketamadunan. British muncul sebagai antara kuasa imperial paling dominan dalam sejarah dunia sehingga digambarkan sebagai empayar yang mataharinya tidak pernah terbenam. Namun, penguasaan ini terbentuk secara berperingkat dan dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan pemikiran serta ideologi khususnya Darwinisme Sosial, seiring dengan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan wacana moderniti di Britain. Penjajahan British bukan sekadar bertujuan menguasai wilayah, tetapi membentuk koloni imperial yang mencerminkan struktur, nilai, dan autoriti Barat, seperti yang berlaku di Borneo Utara. Dapatan kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa proses perubahan dan permodenan di Borneo Utara selepas kedatangan British dipengaruhi oleh pelbagai faktor yang melangkaui kepentingan ekonomi semata-mata, merangkumi penstrukturan institusi politik, pengurusan sosial, dan pembentukan wacana ketamadunan. Darwinisme Sosial dan ideologi White Man’s Burden berfungsi sebagai kerangka pemikiran yang menormalisasikan penguasaan kolonial dengan memposisikan British sebagai bangsa unggul yang memikul tanggungjawab untuk mentamadunkan masyarakat yang dianggap lemah dan tidak bertamadun. Melalui kerangka ini, penjajahan digambarkan sebagai satu misi kemajuan dan kebajikan, walaupun pada hakikatnya turut mengukuhkan dominasi politik dan ekonomi kolonial. Oleh itu, kajian ini meneliti secara kritikal penjajahan British di Borneo Utara melalui analisis Darwinisme Sosial dan ideologi imperial bagi memahami bagaimana struktur sosial dan ketamadunan wilayah ini dibentuk semula mengikut kepentingan dan wacana penjajahan British.
Modern Western imperialism was a form of domination grounded in ideology, aimed at fulfilling political, economic, and civilizational interests. Britain emerged as one of the most dominant imperial powers in world history, often described as the empire on which the sun never set. However, this dominance developed gradually and was shaped by evolving intellectual thought and ideological developments, particularly Social Darwinism, alongside the advancement of scientific knowledge and the discourse of modernity in Britain. British colonial expansion was not merely intended to control territory, but to construct imperial colonies that reflected Western structures, values, and authority, as demonstrated in North Borneo. The findings of this study indicate that the processes of transformation and modernization in North Borneo following British arrival were influenced by multiple factors beyond purely economic interests, including the restructuring of political institutions, social administration, and the formation of civilizational discourse. Social Darwinism and the ideology of the White Man’s Burden functioned as intellectual frameworks that normalized colonial domination by positioning the British as a superior race bearing the responsibility to civilize societies perceived as weak and uncivilized. Through this framework, colonialism was portrayed as a mission of progress and benevolence, although it also reinforced colonial political and economic dominance. Therefore, this study critically examines British colonialism in North Borneo through an analysis of Social Darwinism and imperial ideology to understand how the social and civilizational structures of the region were reshaped in accordance with British colonial interests and discourse.
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