THE SEMANTICS OF RADICAL ISLAM

Authors

  • NORAFIDAH ISMAIL School of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah, Malaysia.
  • SHAZWANI FATKURRADZI School of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah, Malaysia.
  • M I L LAL MUHAMMAD Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • ALHUSSEIN NANAA School of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah, Malaysia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7i1.980

Keywords:

radical Islam, Islam, radicalism, Salafi Jihadi, Salafi Takfiri

Abstract

This paper critically examines the use of the terms 'Radical Islam' or 'Islamic Radicalism' and presents several arguments on the subject. The appropriateness of using these terms varies depending on an individual's perspective, but the central issue lies in the inconclusive and often misunderstood meaning and description of the concept. The focus here is on the problematic aspects associated with 'Radical Islam'. Incorrect usage leads to a significant misinterpretation of Islam, unjustly tarnishing the reputation of this sacred religion by wrongly suggesting that Islam is inherently radical. It must be emphasised that Islam is not a radical religion and promotes principles of peace, harmony, and non-violence, teaching its followers kindness, love, tolerance, and virtuous values. Furthermore, Islam should not be held accountable for the irresponsible actions of individuals engaging in radicalism, extremism, and terrorism. The paper investigates several reasons to question this terminology, including the motivations behind radical groups, the effects of embracing the ambiguous notion on Muslim communities, and the political implications tied to its use. It is vital to exercise prudence and caution when employing this term to prevent misconceptions and misrepresentations, and to identify credible alternatives to the concept of 'radical Islam'.

References

[1] Al Qurtuby, S. (2020): The rise of Islamism and the future of Indonesian Islam. – Journal of International Studies 16: 105-128.

[2] Alabdulhadi, M.M.J. (2019): Religious tolerance in secondary Islamic education textbooks in Kuwait. – British Journal of Religious Education 41(4): 422-434.

[3] Allan, H., Glazzard, A., Jesperson, S., Reddy-Tumu, S., Winterbotham, E. (2015): Drivers of Violent Extremism: Hypotheses and Literature Review. – Royal United Services Institute, London 65p.

[4] Arab News (2020): Poll reveals record Muslim vote in US election. (2020): – Arab News Web Portal 7p.

[5] Awan, A.N. (2008): Antecedents of Islamic political radicalism among Muslim communities in Europe. – PS Political Science & Politics 41(1): 13-17.

[6] Chappell, B. (2016): President Obama slams “yapping” over “radical Islam” and terrorism. – NPR 9p.

[7] Diaz, D. (2016): President Barack Obama: Why I won’t say “Islamic terrorism”. – CNN 6p.

[8] Doosje, B., Loseman, A., Van Den Bos, K. (2013): Determinants of radicalization of Islamic youth in the Netherlands: Personal uncertainty, perceived injustice, and perceived group threat. – Journal of Social Issues 69(3): 586-604.

[9] Esposito, J. (2015): Islam and Political Violence. – Religions 6(3): 1067-1081.

[10] Esposito, J.L. (2011): What everyone needs to know about Islam. – Oxford University Press 268p.

[11] Fadl, K.A.E. (2001): Islam and the theology of power. – Middle East Report 221: 28-33.

[12] Fisher, M. (2016): When a phrase takes on new meaning: ‘Radical Islam’ explained. – The New York Times 2p.

[13] Ghadbian, N. (2000): Political Islam and violence. – New Political Science 22(1): 77-88.

[14] Gumiandari, S., Nafi’a, I. (2020): The role of Cirebon women ulama in countering religious radicalism. – Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies 8(1): 33-64.

[15] Hadiz, V.R. (2008): Towards a sociological understanding of Islamic radicalism in Indonesia. – Journal of Contemporary Asia 38(4): 638-647.

[16] Halliday, F. (1995): Islam and the myth of confrontation: Religion and politics in the Middle East. – I.B. Tauris Publishers 255p.

[17] Hoewe, J., Bowe, B.J. (2018): Magic words or talking point? The framing of ‘radical Islam’ in news coverage and its effects. – Journalism 22(4): 1012-1030.

[18] Ibrahim, A. (2017): Radical Origins. – Pegasus Books, New York City 336p.

[19] Jalalian Daghigh, A., Rahim, H.A. (2020): Representation of Muslim minorities in politicians’ discourse: Jacinda Ardern vs. Donald Trump. – Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 40(2): 179-195.

[20] Johnson, J.A.H. (2017): ‘I think Islam hates us’: A timeline of Trump’s comments about Islam and Muslims. – Washington Post 3p.

[21] Kamali, M.H. (2016): Islam a religion of peace. – NST Online 8p.

[22] Khan, M.H., Qazalbash, F., Adnan, H.M., Yaqin, L.N., Khuhro, R.A. (2021): Trump and Muslims: A critical discourse analysis of Islamophobic rhetoric in Donald Trump’s selected tweets. – Sage Open 11(1): 1-15.

[23] Koomen, W., Van der Pligt, J. (2015): The Psychology of Radicalization and Terrorism. – Routledge, UK 284p.

[24] Kruglanski, A.W., Gelfand, M.J., Bélanger, J.J., Sheveland, A., Hetiarachchi, M., Gunaratna, R. (2014): The psychology of radicalization and deradicalization: How significance quest impacts violent extremism. – Political Psychology 35(S1): 69-93.

[25] Kurniawan, S. (2025): Countering religious radicalism: Strategic steps of the Islamic education department at IAIN Pontianak. – Jurnal Pendidikan Kebudayaan dan Keislaman 4(2): 61-79.

[26] Lewis, B. (1980): The Ottoman Empire and its aftermath. – Journal of Contemporary History 15(1): 27-36.

[27] Lia, B. (2008): Al-Qaida’s appeal: Understanding its unique selling points. – Perspectives on Terrorism 2(8): 3-10.

[28] Litvak, M. (2015): Radicalism and Islamic terror: Historical background. – Tel Aviv Institute for National Security Studies 9p.

[29] Magariño, S.G., Cabrera, V.T. (2019): A sociological approach to the extremist radicalization in Islam: The need for indicators. – International Journal of Intelligence, Security and Public Affairs 21(1): 66-83.

[30] Mansouri, F., Keskin, Z. (2019): Introduction: Framing the debate around Islamic theology, radicalisation and violent extremism. – Palgrave Macmillan, Cham 12p.

[31] Marsden, L. (2011): Religion, identity and American power in the age of Obama. – International Politics 48: 326-343.

[32] Mazrui, A.A. (1997): Islamic and Western values. – Foreign Affairs 76: 118-130.

[33] Merriam Webster Web Portal (2025): Radical. – Merriam Webster Web Portal 11p.

[34] Mohamad, M. (1997): Islam: The misunderstood religion. – Islamic Studies 36(4): 691-700.

[35] Nanninga, P. (2019): Cleansing the Earth of the stench of shirk. – Journal of Religion and Violence 7(2): 128-157.

[36] Naseri, F. (2014): Islamic tolerance and the West: Early encounters and influences. – International Journal of Islamic Thought 5: 1-10.

[37] Naylor, B. (2016): Radical Islam or radical Islamism? It depends whom you ask. – NPR 14p.

[38] Ohls, I., Hosseini, D.S., Spasojevic, A., Brandes, F., Bajwa, R., Ahmed, K., Gallinat, J., Karow, A., Allroggen, M. (2023): A systematic review of the risk and protective factors for processes associated with Islamist radicalization and extremism. – Terrorism and Political Violence 36(8): 1027-1047.

[39] Olsson, S. (2021): The radical need of a critical language: On radical Islam. – Religions 12(4): 9p.

[40] Ozalp, M. (2020): Who will Muslim Americans vote for in the US elections? – The Conversation 5p.

[41] Panjwani, F. (2004): The “Islamic” in Islamic education: Assessing the discourse. – Current Issues in Comparative Education 7(1): 19-29.

[42] Poljarevic, E. (2021): Theology of violence-oriented takfirism as a political theory: The case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). – Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements, Brill, Netherlands 37p.

[43] Rahnema, S. (2008): Radical Islamism and failed developmentalism. – Third World Quarterly 29(3): 483-496.

[44] Richards, A. (2003): Socio-economic roots of radicalism: Towards explaining the appeal of Islamic radicals. – US Army War College Press, Pennsylvania 43p.

[45] Rusli, R., Ibrahim, A., Afriyanto, A., Toharudin, T. (2019): Radicalism in Islamic education. – EAI Bukit Tinggi International Conference on Education 10p.

[46] Shamsuddin, M.A. (2018): Bahaya ideologi radikal, takfir. – Berita Harian 12p.

[47] Tan, C. (2018): Colonialism, postcolonialism, Islam, and education. – In Handbook of Islamic Education, Springer, Cham 10p.

[48] Taylor, J. (2015): Should the phrase “Islamic extremism” be used? – NPR 7p.

[49] Veldhuis, T., Staun, J. (2009): Islamist radicalisation: A root cause model. – Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, The Hague 93p.

[50] Yusoff, K. (2010): Islamic radicalism in Malaysia: An overview. – Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 5: 2326-2331.

[51] Zeleny, J., Cowell, A. (2009): Addressing Muslims, Obama pushes Mideast peace. – The New York Times 3p.

[52] Zimmerman, J.C. (2018): Shiraz Maher, Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea. – Terrorism and Political Violence 30(1): 172-173.

Downloads

Published

2026-02-28

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

THE SEMANTICS OF RADICAL ISLAM. (2026). Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 7(1), 243-256. https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7i1.980